II. Find English equivalents in the text: котлован - ______ копать, рыть - ____ цоколь, подошва - ______ каркас - ____ воздвигать - ____ покрывать - _____ отделочный материал - ________ слой краски - ____ сооружение - ____ действующая нагрузка - _______ балки - ______ грунт, почва - ____ затоплять - ____ оседать - ____ трещина - ________ неровный - ______ лес, дерево - ____ бетон - ____ искусственный материал - ______ твердотельный, цельный - ____ пустотелый - ____ воздействие - ______ прочность - ____ твердость - _________ Parts of a building Almost everyone has watched building of a house and followed its progress with interest. First the excavation is dug for the basement, then the foundation walls bellow ground level are constructed; after this the framework is erected and clothed with various finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint. The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework. It is intended for safely carrying the loadsimposed. The floors, walls, roof and other parts of the building must be carefully designed and proportioned. The architect or designer must decide what the size of the walls, the floors, the beams, the girders and the parts which make up the framework must be, and how they must be placed and arranged. Sometimes it is done by the architect who draws the plans for the house, sometimes by a designer. Here are the main parts of a building and their functions. Foundations are to keep the walls and floors from contact with the soil, to guard them against the action of frost, to prevent them from sinking and settling which can cause cracks in walls and uneven floors. Floors divide the building into stories. They may be either of timber or of a fire-resisting material. Walls are built to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the wall construction can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural and artificial materials. Roofs cover the building and protect it from exposure to weather. They tie the walls and give the construction strength and firmness.
